Researchers at the University of Sussex (Brighton, UK) announced in 2002 they had designed non-invasive, non-touching, non-contact electrodes that could detect bio-electric activity such as multi-channel EEG and other brain activity without physically touching the body. For example, no scrubbing, no abrasion, no glue, no gel, no electrode on the scalp. The design was based on measuring electric fields remotely with an eye toward the eventual union of mind and machine. The same group had previously produced remote-sensing cardiac electrodes.